Nigeria became independent on October 1, 1960. this date and January 15, 1966, when the first military coup d'état took place, is generally referred to as the First Republic, although the country only became a republic on October 1, 1963. If there be such a one … it will insist on being master of the joint deliberations”. Their hopes were quickly dashed. With the 1964 general election just under a year away, and with the heightened insecurity felt in the south over the NPC’s growing power, ethnic political security took centre stage. The East and West had scored staggering increases of 72% and 70% respectively. Akintola, acutely aware of his weak hand, resorted to ethnic mobilisation to shore-up his support. February 11, 2021 Thu 11/2/21. In strategic areas where the stakes were too high, both coalitions sometimes reportedly resorted to the “physical elimination of opposition candidates”. Akintola was said to have bitterly complained about Awolowo’s “insatiable desire to run the government of which I am head from outside”. In defiance, the JAC demanded the Prime Minister return to the negotiating table or “resign within 48 hours”. The First Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1963 and 1966 governed by the first republican constitution. The supporters of Alhaji Adegbenro sat quiet as they had been instructed to do, with the exception of one member who was hit with a chair and retaliated. On the 16th of January, the army chief took over as Head of State, formally ending the First Republic. He orchestrated a series of motions which led to “critical changes” in the running of the party. The disintegration of the AG into factions was the first crisis which shook the republic early in its life – accentuating all its structural tensions, as we will see in the second section. With the determination of the NNA to hold the election unswayed by unfolding events, half of the members of the Federal Election Commission resigned in protest. Political opponents were beaten up. The lasting importance of political parties in Nigeria makes Ujo’s Understanding Political Parties in Nigeria not only a useful companion to Sklar’s text, but also a vital contribution. Nothing illustrates this more than its name, and the fact that in the 1959 eve of independence general election it did not field a single candidate in the other regions. - The extensive postmortems on the Republic have implicated at least four institutional factors, namely, the unbalanced federal territorial structure, the subversive power of large regional units vis-à-vis the central government, the As the NCNC manoeuvred to get the 1963 results cancelled, the NPC, using its control of the Federal Government, forced Osadebay into abandoning his Eastern ally and toeing the government line by threatening the Mid-West with withdrawal of federal aid – a move which would have financially crippled the new region. Eventually, elections were held in 1979 leading the way to the Nigerian Second Republic. This decision, however, was to cost Awolowo as it left him “particularly vulnerable” to a leadership challenge from his deputy. Also, most observers felt that had a similar investigation been done over the finances in the other two regions, the same level of abuse of public funds would have been uncovered. On the 15th of January 1966, elements within the army, hoping to lead a military revolution, struck with lethal force and wiped out the top tiers of the Republic. 173-188. Akintola was not ready to relinquish power without a bruising fight. The spasm of violence which engulfed the entire Western region was unprecedented. In the 1960s, during the First Republic, police forces were divided into regions and then nationalized. Nigeria became independent on October 1, 1960. The elections went ahead as scheduled on the 30th of December. Ahmadu Bello Northern Nigeria 1959 – 1966, Obafemi Awolowo Western Nigeria 1959 – 1960, Samuel Akintola Western Nigeria 1960 – 1966, Michael Okpara Eastern Nigeria 1960 – 1966, and Dennis Osadebay Mid-Western Nigeria 1964 – 1966. The NPC’s foundational aim was to protect the conservative social hierarchy of the North from the “winds of radical change sweeping up from the south”. Once again, amidst bitter recriminations that each region had massively inflated their numbers, the government refused to immediately release the results of the 1963 census. Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. Of the three parties, it was the most entrenched in its regional identity. With such astounding increases, it was either the southern regions had broken all known records of human reproduction, or else “statistical surgery” had taken place. The “spreading virus of corruption and the enormous salaries at the bloated higher ranks of government” placed great strains on any “domestic capital that could be mobilised” for investment. Why did Nigeria’s first republic fail? An election would have revived the flagging fortunes of the AG as Alhaji Adgbenro, the party candidate, would almost certainly have won. For example, rather than bother with the logistical inconvenience of inflating disagreeable figures that had been announced at polling stations, the NNDP simply had many of its newly ‘elected’ parliamentarians declared “unopposed” winners in radio stations. On immediate observations, it was certainly a partnership of unequal – with the NPC being by far the more powerful of the two governing parties. Under the so-called “Zik-Balewa pact”, Azikiwe agreed to invite Balewa to form a new government in return for Balewa agreeing to the following conditions: (1) form a “broad-based government” with members of the opposition incorporated into the cabinet; (2) reschedule the boycotted elections in the Eastern Region for March; and (3) hold new elections for the Western Region’s House of Assembly in October to choose a new Premier for the Region. No thief our contents o or else we report you to Google. The political unrest during the mid-1960s culminated into Nigeria's first military coup d'état. However, trapped by the nature of the political terrain, party elites soon concluded that “the only certain avenue to power was a regional political party”. It had been ‘relegated’ to the opposition. Commenting on this development, Falola, in his The History of Nigeria, remarks with biting sarcasm: “The government had now been converted into a holding company with every ‘big politician’ becoming a shareholder”. While the collapse of the AG as a national political force had opened deep cracks within the ruling coalition, the long-running census crisis had progressively hardened the dividing line between the NPC and the NCNC. NPC won 77% of Northern seats and NCNC won 79% of Eastern seats), the AG thus went into opposition upon independence. (2011), ‘Ethnic Politics and Conflicts in Nigeria’s First Republic: The Misuse of Native Administrative Police Forces (NAPFS) and the Tiv Riots of Central Nigeria, 1960-1964’, Canadian Social Science, Vol. The NPF carried out usual police duties and bore responsibility for: Top 10 Functions of the Nigerian Police Force The capital is Abuja. Given this impasse, the 1962 results were cancelled and a fresh census was announced for the second half of 1963. The country gained independence from the British government on 1 October 1960, and became a republic in 1963. Nigeria is a country of 923,768 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), bound to the west by Benin Republic, to the north by the Niger and Chad Republic, east by the Republic of Cameroon, and south by the Gulf of Guinea. Operation Wetie And The 1962 Action Group Crises: How Power Tussle Between Awolowo And Akintola Plunged Western Region Into Crises; Teslim Opemipo Omipidan –. [7] At the same time a top-level security conference in Lagos was taking place which was attended by most of the country's senior army officiers. The NCNC’s open support of the JAC all but permanently broke the governing alliance. Others still have suggested that the government was indecisive because it was “waiting for the crisis to escalate to a point that would justify the use of the armed forces as an army of occupation in the Western Region”. [5] As premier of the West, Akintola presided over the most chaotic era in Western Region—one which earned it the nickname "the Wild-Wild West". Your email address will not be published. The 1963 census turned out to be an even greater debacle. Anglin, D. G. (1965), ‘Brinkmanship in Nigeria: The Federal Elections of 1964-1965’, International Journal, Vol. By the 17th of January, when the last of the mutineers had surrendered to the new military government, the Prime Minister (Tafawa Balewa), Finance Minister (Okotie-Eboh), Premiers of the Northern (Ahmadu Bello) and Western (Akintola) Regions, and seven senior military officers, had all been gunned down. Disputes over party strategy further placed Awolowo and Akintola at loggerheads. Of the 750,000 strikers, only about 300,000 were part of the labour unions that had called the strike, an indication of the strike’s mass support. More seriously for the Yorubas, particularly in view of the ethno-regional balance-of-power, Akintola was forced, as part of the bargain, to accept the partition of the West. The call-off came too late to reverse the tide against the party. Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960 and became a republic on 1 October 1963. Defeat in the election had led Awolowo to conclude that the AG could revive its fortunes and broaden its support base by sharpening its socialist rhetoric, radicalising its message and stepping up attacks on social inequalities. The Westminster system of government was retained, and thus the President's powers were generally ceremonial.[4]. ), 2001: ISBN: 978326141X, 9789783261419: Length: 120 pages : Export Citation: BiBTeX EndNote RefMan This led to the emergence of two opposing alliances for the coming election: Nigerian National Alliance (NNA) led by the NPC and comprising Akintola’s NNDP and other minority parties from the South, and the United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA) led by the NCNC and comprising the AG and other smaller parties from the north. Ahmadu Bello, the NPC party chairman and Premier of the North went as far as issuing a public statement of support for the embattled Akintola. With Coker Commission’s revelations inflicting damaging blows on Awolowo and the AG’s prestige, the Emergency Administrator’s restrictions on AG members were gradually relaxed for Akintola’s supporters and that for Awolowo’s tightened[65]. Consequently, the AG similarly shrank into its ethnic enclave and never managed to shake off its image as a platform “to safeguard Yoruba interests”. All three parties originally emerged out of ethno-cultural associations: As a result, these three parties and their leaders reflected, shaped, and intensified the nation’s ethno-regional cleavages. Given their party’s incumbency advantage at the federal level, they were supremely confident of out-rigging their UPGA rivals in the forthcoming election. But unlike the NPC, the NCNC campaigned in the other two regions during the election; it won seats in the West and – in alliance with the Aminu Kano-led Northern Elements Progressive Union – won seats in the North as well. The NCNC had made impressive inroads into its regional heartland, securing for itself 21 seats in the AG’s political turf by exploiting minority discontent within the Western Region. What led to the fall of Nigeria’s first republic? But what angered many, and perhaps contributed to the orgy of violence that followed the election, was the sheer brazenness and impunity with which the NNDP went about the business of rigging its members back to parliament. Although Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960, the nation retained the British monarch, Elizabeth II, as titular head of state until the adoption of a new constitution in 1963 declaring the nation a republic. Disturbed by the unfolding events, Nnamdi Azikiwe, the Federal President, confided to an interviewer on his 60th birthday in November that “what is happening in Nigeria today does not inspire me to be optimistic that we shall survive as a nation”. Throughout 1960 and 1961, a simmering tension developed between Awolowo and his deputy, Akintola, who was also the Premier of the Western Region. He remained at the post until 1966, when the coup happened and he was overthrown by the Igbo rebels. Akintola and his faction, on the other hand, countered that moderation toward the NPC – being the dominant party in government – was the best strategy for Yorubas to gain access to the “privileges and benefits in the federation”. On 15 January 1966, Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and his fellow rebel soldiers (most of who were of southern extraction) and were led by Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna of the Nigerian Army, executed a bloody takeover of all institutions of government. The electoral campaigns of both coalitions were marked by violence and strong-arm tactics. Politicians and ethnic-group leaders were ‘out to win’ and ‘their campaign was only too successful’. Tafawa Balewa serving as the first and only Prime Minister of the country. Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a sovereign country in West Africa bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. The first republic held between 1963 and 1966 and Nigeria was governed by the constitution that was developed shortly before independence. As Diamond argues: If [the] various social elements had any faith left in the institutions of the First Republic, it was irrevocably shattered by the 1965 ‘election’ in the West, which seemed to obliterate any remaining vestige of the Republic’s democratic character. While the North’s increase of about 33% broadly tallied with the UN’s demographic projections. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. Consequently, Michael Okpara in the East rejected the February 1964 figures as “worse than useless”. The NPC and NCNC watched the deepening fragmentation of their Western rival with cautious optimism. Commenting on the particularly unbelievable figures coming in from the Eastern Region, he stated: In the five Eastern divisions which had shown increases of over 120 per cent in ten years, several checks could be applied … [Most] telling, the biggest increase was in children under the age of five, and calculations showed that the women of child-bearing age could not have produced this number of births had they all been pregnant for all of the five previous years. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. However, as it fell just short of winning the majority needed to govern alone (i.e. Upon independence, Nigeria was composed of three federating regions: Northern, Eastern and Western regions. The struggle between the two factions reached its climax on the 25th of May when the Awolowo faction attempted to vote in a new Regional Premier, Alhaji Adegbenro, in the regional parliament. 2: pp. Among northern elites, however, there was the general expectation that the election would reproduce their federal dominance. There was widespread destruction of life and property. The country's government was based on a federal Westminster system. For four days, the First Republic “teetered on the edge of an abyss” without a government as both Azikiwe and Tafawa Balewa competed “for control and support of the armed forces”. He followed this with a dramatic dawn broadcast on the 10th of December warning that the unity of the nation was at risk: I have only one request from our politicians … If this embryo Republic must disintegrate, then, in the name of God, let the operation be a short and painless one… And I have one advice to give our politicians: if they have decided to destroy our national unity, then they should summon a round-table conference to decide how our national assets should be divided before they seal their doom by satisfying their lust for office… It is better for us and for our many admirers abroad that we should disintegrate in peace and not in pieces. AG supporters poured into the streets. The Niger Delta Congress was one of the small political parties in Nigeria's First Republic. 214-222. Dennis Osadebay, the Mid-West’s Premier and an NCNC member, echoing his Eastern ally, similarly condemned the figures as “the most stupendous joke of our age”. In spite of the flimsiness of the evidence presented by the government's prosecutors, he was convicted. Political thugs took to setting fire to persons – especially targeting NNDP supporters and Hausa-Fulani settlers – and properties in what they called Operation Wetie, meaning to “wet with petrol and burn”. The Republic is a magazine and platform centering Nigeria and Africa in the world's most critcal social, political and economic issues. February 10, … With his regional rival in jail and his grip over the West consolidated, Akintola shook off his alliance with the NCNC, dismissed their members from the regional cabinet, formed a new party – the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) – and realigned it with the NPC. Before the commencement of the first republic, structures had been put in place in the course of the late 1950s which ensured that Nigeria adopted the “Westminster” model of parliamentary democracy. Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto, leader of the NPC, was poised to become the Prime Minister, but instead he chose to become the Premier of the Northern Region, and supported his deputy Tafawa Balewa's candidacy for Prime Minister. The rescheduled election took place in the Eastern Region without incident. With the situation seemingly escalating beyond control, there were the first “rumblings of a possible military coup” within the army. To illustrate this point: Apparently, part of the “bargain” which the NCNC secured upon joining government was “enhanced entry and promotion for Easterners in the public service and [the] armed forces”. Bribes for government contract were rampant. The government of the first Republic did not last as it came to a halt via several coup attempts with the first one taking place in January 1966 when junior officers in the Nigerian Army went on rampage and overthrew the government. These constitutional developments saw the country attaining self-rule in some quarters in 1957 and total independence on 1 October 1960. The imbalance of power was now more acute than ever before. The NPC took control of the federal parliament, and formed a coalition government with the NCNC. 5. It was suggested that besides the distribution of seats, amenities and scholarships would be shared on a popular basis, so…there was every advantage in obtaining ‘a good result’. The Presidency (then a largely ceremonial role) for example, which went to Nnamdi Azikiwe, one of the party’s founders, and the Finance ministry went to Festus Okotie-Eboh, the party’s national treasurer. As the dust settled from the crisis, it became manifestly clear that the NPC had reaped the biggest windfall. The decision of both southern parties to step out of their ethnic enclaves to field candidates across the federation in 1959 reflected their aspirations that the nation would be an open constituency for all parties to compete in. The first republic in Nigeria started on the 1st of October, 1960 upon the attainment of independence and ended on the 15th of January, 1966 during the first military coup d’état. The first source of tension was over the ideological orientation of the party. The founding of the First Republic (1963) Nigeria gained independence from Britain on October 1, 1960, and declared itself a republic three years later on October 1, 1963. Three years later, he became the President of Nigeria (or so-called ‘first republic’). As the figures came in, it became immediately evident that some implausible increases had occurred between the last census and this. No one exemplified the First Republic’s problem with endemic corruption more than the Finance minister himself, Festus Okotie-Eboh. Akintola’s return was only made possible by his alliance with one of the governing duo – the NCNC. In September 1962, the Prime Minister “revealed to a stunned nation” the uncovered plot. The health system is regionalized. However, the democratic qualities that Nigeria possessed at that time didn’t guarantee the survival of the republic because of certain structural weaknesses and political crises. His first position in the sovereign Nigeria was that of Governor-General in 1960. The Northern People’s Congress (NPC) was a “Hausa-Fulani dominated party” which held sway in the North. First Biennial Update Report (BUR1) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ii • National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) • National Planning Commission (NPC) • Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) • Nigerian Maritime Administration & Safety Agency (NIMASA) • Nigerian Metrological Agency (NIMET) Thus, upon independence in 1960, Nigeria had a tense, fractured and conflictual socio-political landscape which resembled what Crawford Young has characterized as a “three-player ethnic game”. Siollun, M. (2009), Oil, Politics and Violence in Nigeria: Nigeria’s Military Coup Culture 1966-1976. Teslim Opemipo Omipidan is an award winning Nigerian journalist, poet, writer, historian and founder of OldNaija.com. The collapse of the AG immediately led to realignments in the political constellation. UPGA leaders, frustrated by their inability to match the NNA’s disruptive tactics, decided to boycott the election. In the Eastern and Western Regions, ethnic champions once more mobilized their constituencies to deliver a ‘good result’. The NCNC accused the NPC of unilaterally releasing the figures before consultations were finished and final agreements reached. He was a member of Nigeria Economic Mission to West Germany and was a minister till their government was overthrown by the military coup on January 15, 1966. Disregarding the brazenly fraudulent results being announced on the radio, the AG announced itself the true winner of the election and tried to swear Adegbenro as the Premier – leading to his arrest for “illegal assumption of office”. It turned out to be a hasty and unwise decision. The Western Regional Election, October 1965, 5 Historical Riots/Wars In Nigeria That Almost Destroyed the Country, The National Council of Nigeria And The Cameroons (NCNC), The Man Called Adegoke Adelabu ‘Penkelemesi’, Operation Wetie And The 1962 Action Group Crises: How Power Tussle Between Awolowo And Akintola Plunged Western Region Into Crises, https://oldnaija.com/2019/09/15/the-first-republic-in-nigeria-and-its-collapse-1960-1966/, The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) of 1935, How Ibrahim Babankowa Found Tafawa Balewa’s Decomposing Body Along Lagos-Abeokuta Road, Colonial Rule in Nigeria and Nigeria’s Struggle for Independence, Igbo Pre-Colonial Political System or Administration, The National Union of Nigerian Students (NUNS, 1956), The West African Students' Union (WASU, 1925), The Clifford Constitution of 1922 – Features, Merits & Demerits, Letter Showing Taslim Elias’ Opinion In 1970 On The Nigeria-Cameroon Bakassi Issue, Political Parties in the Second Republic of Nigeria, Hausa/Fulani Pre-colonial Political Administration, Berlin Conference And The Partition of West Africa, How and Why ‘Unknown Soldiers’ Invaded Fela’s Home (Kalakuta Republic) in 1977, How Adunni Oluwole Fought for Workers During the 1945 General Strike & Opposed Independence in 1956, Indirect Rule in Nigeria – Overview, Reasons and Results, Nelson Mandela’s Visit to Nigeria in 1993 (Photo And Video), The Nigerian Independence Constitution of 1960, Pre-Colonial Political Administration of the Benin Empire, Watch the Video of Nigeria’s Independence Day Celebration in 1978, This is why a U.S. magazine labelled Sani Abacha as ‘Thug of the Year’ in 1995, The First Aircraft Seen Flying Over Lagos, 1926, Download All Dagrin Songs – Old School Songs Free Mp3, Download Omo To Shan – Olamide ft. Wizkid, Download Ara Ma Nfe Sinmi by King Sunny Ade, Obitun: Initiation of girls into womanhood in Ondo Town, Today In Nigerian History: The First Military Coup In Nigeria Was Staged In 1966, Download Suku Suku Bam Bam by King Sunny Ade, Nigeria’s First Professional Model, Yemi Fawaz, Dies at 64, The Origin Of ‘Iyawo’, The Yoruba Word For Wife, Leaked Video Of Gen. Diya Crying And Begging Late General Sani Abacha, NPC from Jam’iyar Mutanen Arewa (Association of Peoples of the North), AG from Egbe omo Oduduwa (Society for the Descendants of Oduduwa. Eastern Regional Premier, Michael Okpara, belatedly recognizing that the emerging political balance would be unfavourable to the East, tried to “drawback” from the “total extinction” of the AG. This raised suspicions amongst the southern politicians, who resented the idea of a federal government controlled by a regional leader through his designated proxy. Nigeria is often called the "Giant of Africa." While AG leaders, not to be outdone by their rivals, moved to lock in northern minority votes by promising to “end … Hausa-Fulani domination”. The Yorubas and Igbos in the two southern regions feared that the Hausa-Fulanis would use the North’s demographic preponderance to perpetuate northern hegemony and monopolise federal resources for their region; Hausa-Fulanis, in turn, feared that in an open contest, the Yorubas and Igbos, being the more educated, would dominate the political and economic structures of the federation. During independence, Nigeria had all the features of a democratic state and was seen by other African countries as a hope for democracy. On 16 January 1966 a military coup brought Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi to power, terminating the first period of democratic rule. While in the Western and Mid-West Regions, recognising it had seriously blundered, and alarmed at the prospect of being completely obliterated from the political map, UPGA leaders called off the boycott and sent out their candidates to contest. The second factor was the fact that though the election was on the surface a Western regional affair, the outcome was, however, of “critical importance … to the game plans” of leaders in the Northern and Eastern Regions. This would eventually lead to the creation in August of a new region – the Mid-West – for the minorities in the West. The National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) was the southern party which entered into a coalition with the NPC as a junior partner in government. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) represented the interests of the predominantly Hausa/Fulani Northern Region, the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC)] (later renamed to "National Council of Nigerian Citizens") represented the predominantly Igbo Eastern Region, and the Action Group (AG) dominated the Yoruba Western Region. The name "Nigeria" is derived from the word "Niger" – the name of the river that constitutes the most remarkable geographical feature of the country. This followed a period of conflict between the AG regional government and the central government. © 2014 - 2021 | All Rights Reserved | OldNaija, The First Republic In Nigeria And Its Collapse (1960-1966). Unsurprisingly Akintola refused to go down quietly. There was no doubt within the NNDP camp that only “wholesale electoral fraud” could rescue them from humiliating defeat at the polls. Mr E. Ebubedike, also a supporter of Chief Akintola, seized the mace, attempted to club the speaker with it but missed and broke the mace on the table. On the 24th of February 1964, the result of the compromise was announced to the public: there were to be 55.6 million Nigerians – 10 million larger than the notorious figures of 1962. The First Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1963 and 1966 governed by the first republican constitution. The general strike would finally shatter the fragile governing alliance. He was listed among the 100 most influential Nigerian youths in 2018 alongside Falz, Davido, Simi and others. Maitama Sule, then an NPC Federal Minister, however, observing the changes taking place, remarked with breath-taking confidence: “In a very short time, the NPC will rule the whole of Nigeria”. The country was split into three geopolitical regions—Western Region, Eastern Region and Northern Region—and its political parties took on the identities and ideologies of each region. It was a decision for which it was richly rewarded. For UPGA party bosses, this was a matter of ethnic political security. The era studied here extends roughly from the end of World War II up to January, 1966. John Stuart Mill, in his 1861 Considerations on Representative Government, set out several conditions for a stable federation, one of which was that “there should not be anyone State [or Region] so much more powerful than the rest as to be capable of vying in strength with many of them combined. This meant that a party could potentially govern the country by winning votes from the North alone. It was however also a reflection of political reality. With legal advice from the nation’s senior judges strongly indicating that in the event of conflicting orders the armed forces were legally obligated to obey the Prime Minister alone, and with rumours circulating that the Prime Minister was reportedly planning to orchestrate his removal by “having him declared medically incapacitated”, the President finally relented on the 4th of January. Like the NCNC in 1959, it also campaigned outside its region and won seats through alliances with ethnic minority parties: United Middle-Belt Congress (UMBC) in the North and Dynamic party in the East. Independent Nigeria's second constitution established the country as a federal republic. S.A. Ajayi returned to Kabba Province and joined the Northern People's Congress, where he later rose to become the vice president of the party in Kabba Province. The desperate appeal of the Inspector General of Police to the supporters of the contending parties illustrates the thuggery and hooliganism which characterised the run-up to the election: Don’t arm yourselves with broken bottles, hatchets, sticks… Do not set fire to the motor vehicles of your political opponents.

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